Thanks for tuning into the Q3 ’24 version of our newsletter. Lots of global events on the go impacting commodity markets with inflation, interest rate cuts, conflicts in the middle east, global container rates climbing again… and of course a US presidential election just heating up. Q2 brought a wild ride in the grain market with a surge in the wheat and protein markets before things calmed back down again as we got into July.

On the home front, we were lucky enough to spend time with plenty of producers and support you not just through farm visits but through various educational workshops that were held. The swine team led a number of sow management workshops in Montana and Central Alberta. At the same time, the poultry team hosted poultry production workshops in Montana in Q2 and are hosting several in Alberta this quarter. Both the attendance and the participation were greatly appreciated as a lot of input was provided from all involved!

On the laying hen side, we are excited to launch a new ingredient to help strengthen eggshells and reduce incidence of cracks in older flocks. Ask a WAGS representative about LayerUp if you would like to learn more.

As always, thank you very much for your business and we hope this quarter brings good luck in your barns, in the markets, and in your communities!

Global grain prices were volatile over the past months given adverse weather in Russia and across Europe. However, the market has turned bearish again as Russian frosts did not have a significant impact on wheat harvest volumes as most affected farmland has been reseeded. On top of that, the market has been expecting a good crop in North America. The protein prices are also declining following the good global production outlook and reduced Chinese import demand.

Despite the forecast that global oil demand growth is on a long-term downward trend, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that global crude oil inventories will draw down at an average rate of 800,000 barrels per day (bpd) between June and September. Currently, the Brent is trading around US$ 82, pressured by the weaking demand and ceasefire negotiations in the Middle East. The market could receive support in the next quarter but will depend on Chinese demand.

The decline in crude oil prices is limiting the upside trend of the Canadian Dollar, which is currently trading around 0.72-0.73. The USD/CAD forecast has been driven by higher expectations for the Federal Reserve (Fed) September interest rate cut. However, the softening Canadian inflation is also leading to interest rate cuts. Therefore, volatility is expected as the market waits for the monetary policy decisions.

The weather outlook across the US corn belt is contributing to good crop conditions, despite flooding and extreme heat in some regions. An ample US stock to use ratio and the South American harvest pressure are expected to keep driving the bearish trend. However, near term volatility is not ruled out since the CME market has turned oversold again – so, any upside news can drive the market up quickly as traders adjust their positions. Corn prices delivered to Red Deer are at $290-$300 per MT.

Locally, improved moisture across the Canadian Prairies and positive crop expectations are leading to lower wheat & barley offers. Following the correlation with the corn market, barley is currently trading around $265-$275 delivered to Lethbridge, AB, and the market is expected to keep softening as we get close to new crop offers. Barley offers in Saskatoon/SK are around $235-$245 per MT delivered. However, dry weather concerns are providing support and farmers are with less intention to sell at current values. Wheat prices declined and are being traded at $290-$305 per MT delivered to Red Deer, AB and at $280-$290 per MT delivered to Saskatoon, SK.

Soybean meal prices softened as traders pay attention to the new US crop. US farmers planted 86.1 million acres of soybean, coming in slightly higher than USDA's forecast in March. August, however, is a critical month to define the oilseed yield, so near term volatility is not ruled out according to the weather forecasts. It is still too early to estimate it but the production in South America is also expected to be large in the new crop season – which will keep leading to lower prices. Over the past months, the market moved higher according to floods in Southern Brazil and strikes in Argentina, but soymeal offers are currently at $670-$680 delivered to Red Deer, AB. Offers in Saskatoon, SK are between $640-$650 delivered.

Canola meal prices are also softening with prices around $370-380 per MT delivered to Red Deer, AB. Canadian producers planted more canola in 2024 than previously expected, but still slightly less than last year. On top of that, the USDA has increased its 2024 US canola planted area estimate, pushing it further to a record high.

To summarize, grain & protein prices are expected to decline over the next quarter. However, near term volatility is not ruled out given the speculative net positions at CME and weather forecasts.

Synthetic amino acid prices are increasing again. The volatility is driven by higher rates on shipping containers from Asia to North America. This appears to be at least partially due to port congestion in a few key areas. However, lower soymeal prices could limit this upside trend.

The use of hybrid rye as a feed grain for livestock is growing in Canada. In Europe, hybrid rye has been used successfully in livestock rations since the late 1900’s and is considered a common feed ingredient. However, it is only over recent years that hybrid rye has become available in North America (2014-2016). KWS’s hybrid rye breeding program continues to seek out new varieties that improve yield and quality, providing growers with increased confidence to grow and feed the grain.

KWS hybrid rye is a fall seeded, winter-hardy crop that provides flexibility and risk management to your farming operation. Hybrid rye is the highest yielding cereal crop, meaning you can feed more livestock per acre. Compared to conventional rye, KWS hybrid rye has a 20-40% yield increase, and a 10-30% yield increase over winter wheat. Hybrid rye is early maturing, which helps to improve workload management on farm with different planting and harvest dates. Because it is early maturing, hybrid rye is also less susceptible to fusarium contamination, as the flowering stage typically doesn’t line up with the fusarium cycle. KWS hybrid rye includes a proprietary PollenPLUS trait. This trait creates multiple fold more pollen production during flowering (enough to create clouds of pollen over the field), which helps out-compete toxin spores and significantly reduces the risk of ergot contamination. Hybrid rye has a unique photosynthetic pathway (majority through the stem vs. leaves), and with its massive and allelopathic root system, hybrid rye also needs less crop inputs like water, fertilizer and pesticides, educing both risk and cost of production.

KWS Hybrid Rye Grain for Livestock Feed:
Hybrid rye has an excellent nutritional profile for pigs and poultry (Table 1). It is high in energy, and has a good amino acid profile, especially lysine and methionine. It is packed with high quality soluble fibres (complex gummy sugars, not woody bulky ones) which help promote animal health and well-being by improving gut health and satiety. If you are looking for good meat quality, it has a low iodine value which leads to a whiter and firmer fat. As an added bonus, hybrid rye has a very high level of intrinsic phytase, meaning that the phosphorus in the plant is more digestible relative to that in other cereal grains.

Research across Canada and the US has shown that, with properly formulated diets (balanced for NE and amino acids), pigs perform very well on hybrid rye, with growth rates equal to those fed wheat- or corn-based controls. However, several studies have highlighted additional benefits beyond strong animal performance. In one Canadian study with over 1100 nursery pigs in a commercial setting (Bussières et al., 2018), feeding 10% to 20% (phase 3 and 4) hybrid rye reduced the incidence of scours as well as decreased mortality by 0.5%. In a similar study with over 1000 grow-finish pigs in a commercial setting (Bussières et al., 2017), inclusion of up to 50% hybrid rye reduced mortality by 1%. Research in Europe (Hankel et al., 2022) has shown decreased salmonella binding in the intestines of nursery pigs fed hybrid rye, indicating that the soluble fibres are promoting development of beneficial bacteria at the expense of pathogenic bacteria.

When it comes to sows in open pen gestation, producers are always looking for tools to reduce aggression and maximize reproductive performance. Hybrid rye is an excellent tool for the toolbox due to its soluble fibre content. Soluble fibre passes through the intestinal tract of the pig slowly and is primarily digested in the large intestine by the microbial population. This creates a feeling of satiety (or fullness) in the animal, which is beneficial for calming restricted fed sows. Hybrid rye has a low glycemic index, meaning that the slower digestion doesn’t cause large insulin spikes in the animal, also contributing to the feeling of satiety and maintains more stable blood sugar levels. The energy produced in the large intestine is in the form of volatile fatty acids, such as butyrate, which gets absorbed by the animal for their own use. This helps bolster the NE value of rye relative to other cereal crops where the fibre is less digestible. Recent research shows that sows fed 30% hybrid rye in gestation were less aggressive vs. those fed a standard gestation diet (Guay & Dallaire, in progress). Two North American studies (McGhee & stein, 2019; Guay & Dallaire., in progress) have also shown that there is less crushing death of piglets in the first few days after birth when sows were fed hybrid rye, possibly due to sows that are calmer which could increase milk yield and reduce the number of unsettled movements of the sows post-farrowing.

Research work with poultry is in the early stages, but several European projects have been done with broilers (Milczarek et al., 2020, Donaldson et al., 2021, Ciurescu et al., 2022) and laying hens (Bederska-Lojewska et al., 2019, Mikulski et al., 2022). There was no impact to the mass of eggs, mean egg weights, egg and eggshell quality when hybrid rye was included up to 25% of the ration of laying hens. With broilers, several studies have shown that meat quality, dressing percentage and muscle content is equal to standard broiler diets when hybrid rye was included up to 50% (step up levels). In addition to this, one study specifically looked at the intestine structure, and found that broilers fed 20% hybrid rye had increased villi height and crypt depth, which increases the absorptive surface of the intestine, improving overall nutrient usage of the diet. With both pigs and poultry, we recommend starting with low inclusion levels when rye is first introduced in the starter phase, and gradually ramping up inclusion as the animals grow. The recommended inclusion levels for swine are shown in Figure 1 and are based on research recommendations from Canada and around the world. For poultry, it is recommended to start at 15% or below in the starter diets and then ramp up to 30-40% inclusion in finisher diets. When pushing higher inclusion levels in both pigs and poultry, inclusion of xylanase enzyme can help the animal digest the high level of soluble fibre, improving the nutritional value of the grain.

KWS hybrid rye is commonly fed to swine in many counties around the world at these inclusion levels. These recommendations are also supported by multiple research studies in Canada, the USA and Europe.

The use of hybrid rye as a feed ingredient is growing for livestock in Canada. We have seen successful inclusion into commercial farm rations from Alberta to Quebec. Hybrid rye growers like it because it helps with workload management on farm, requires less crop inputs and provides a high-quality grain product that can be used to feed livestock. Livestock producers like it because it is easy to include in the ration, maintains animal performance and has many beneficial attributes like its intrinsic phytase, high quality fibre content and low iodine value.

For more information, and to find a retail partner near you, visit https://www.kws.com/ca/en/.

Note: References available upon request

Dr. Laura Eastwood is the Livestock Feed Consultant for KWS Seeds Canada Ltd. Laura grew up in Ontario and obtained a degree in Animal Biology from the University of Guelph in 2006, and earned her MSc and PhD in Animal Nutrition from the University of Saskatchewan in 2008 and 2013, respectively. She was a research assistant for nuitrition at the Prairie Swine Center before returning to Ontario in 2015 to work as a Swine Extension Specialist for Ontario Ministry of Agriculture. Laura joined KWS Seeds Canada in April 2024, and works with farmers, industry partners and researchers around the country to feed hybrid rye to livestock.

Soybean meal is the main protein source in poultry diets worldwide, it is estimated that 67% of the protein sources used in animal feeds come from soybeans. This ingredient is extensively used since it is available year-round in large quantities, has a high protein content, a good amino acid balance and it is cost effective in feed formulation.

The protein and amino acid levels of soybean meal vary depending on the geographical location of the soybean source, the crop year, soybean variety, growing and harvesting conditions and processing methods.

Fig 2. Raw soybeans and pod. Adapted from https://vinasoy.com .

During the soybean development, fat content is deposited in the earlier growing phase, whereas protein content is dictated during the end of the growing period.

Soybean meal geneticists are constantly improving soybeans to enhance agronomic productivity and the quality of soybeans in relation to animal feeding of soybean meal. There is the potential for reduction in content of anti nutritional factors, increasing amino acids content, increasing the proportion of available phosphorus and increasing energy availability through genetic improvement.

Fig 3. Soybean plantation. Adapted from https://www.aces.edu.

There are three main ingredients fed to poultry that come from soybeans, full-fat soybeans, solvent extracted soybean meal and expeller soybean meal. To produce solvent extracted soybean meal most of the oil is extracted using a solvent. To produce expeller soybean meal part of the oil is extracted mechanically and for the full-fat soybeans there is no oil extraction. To produce any of these ingredients the soybeans are dehulled before any further processing.

Fig. 4. Soybean meal on the right-hand side and soybeans on the left-hand side. Adapted from https://www.braziliansoybean.com.br.

Soybeans contain trypsin inhibitors; trypsin inhibitors are molecules that bind trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme produced by birds and other organisms that helps in the digestion of protein. When trypsin inhibitors are present in the feed, at a higher level than 4 mg/g, it has been observed that the growth performance in growing birds is decreased and that the laying rate in laying hens decreases. As a response to the trypsin inhibition, the pancreas produces more enzymes, which results in up to 56% increase in relative pancreas size to body size.

Fig 5. Chicken digestive system. Circled in red is the pancreas.

Fig 5. Chicken digestive system. Circled in red is the pancreas. Adapted from https://www.shutterstock.com.

Trypsin inhibitors are deactivated when subjected to heat, therefore soybean products intended for poultry feed are heat-processed to reduce their activity. However, the heat treatment needs to be performed carefully to avoid overheating the soybean meal.

Overheating the soybean meal decreases the digestibility of amino acids resulting in a reduction in body weight gain in growing birds and egg production in laying hens. When the soybean meal is overcooked, Maillard reactions occur, resulting in denaturalization of the lysine structure (formation of Amadori or Heyns products), reducing lysine absorption and formation of crosslinks (reaction of sugar derivatives with amino acids).

Knowing these two main limitations, it is important to know the quality of the soybean meal that will be used to make poultry feed. Protein solubility, protein dispersibility index (PDI) and urease activity are the most common analytical techniques used to measure soybean meal quality. It is common that at least 2 different quality tests are performed and corelated before judging the quality of the soybean meal.

Urease activity is an indirect way to measure trypsin activity in soybean and soybean meal (McNaughton and Reece, 1980) and is an indicator of under-cooking. Urease is an enzyme that is present in soybean and soybean meal products, urease is denaturalized at a similar rate than trypsin when subjected to heat treatment. The urease activity test measures the pH change in a soybean meal sample, water and urea solution. Generally, pH changes ranging from 0.05 to 0.15 are considered properly processed soybean meal for poultry feed. The urease activity test results don’t properly correlate over processed samples.

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) solubility and PDI are two common ways to determine protein quality. KOH solubilities between 78 to 84% are consider optimal for poultry performance, 84 to 89% indicates that the sample is slightly under-cooked and values under 74% is an indication of over processing. Protein dispersibility index indicates the amount of protein dispersed in water after blending soybean meal and water using a high-speed blender. Protein dispersibility indexes of 40-45% indicate a soybean meal that is properly processed. Table 1 summarizes the mentioned methods, the reference values and the interpretation of these values.

Table 2. Soybean meal analytical techniques and quality standards.

According to Aminodat 6.3 (Evonik, Germany) for the 2022-2023 period the average protein and crude fat content on a dry matter basis for full fat soybean meal was 40.6% and 22.5%, for expeller soybean meal 45.6% and 10.5% and for solvent extracted soybean meal 52.5% and 2.5%. Table 2 shows the average crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and ash contend reported by Aminodat 6.3 (Evonik, Germany) for the 2022-2023 period for full fat soybean meal, expeller soybean meal and solvent-extracted soybean meal.

Table 3. Average chemical composition of different soybean co-products according to Aminodat 6.3 (Evonik, Germany) for the 2022-2023 period.

The values are expressed in percentage on a dry mater basis. Multiple variables affect the chemical composition of the soybean co-products and processing has an impact in the quality characteristics. Both, chemical composition and quality, affect the performance of poultry species. For that reason, monitoring the soybean meal co-products used in the feed for poultry is fundamental to optimize the nutrient supply to the animals to enhance the zootechnical performance of the birds and economic performance of the poultry operation.

Note: References available upon request

PSSM (Polysaccharide storage myopathy) is a disorder that causes muscle cramping in horses from abnormal glycogen (sugar) storage in the muscles (1,2,4). Pathology of PSSM: This disorder causes the horse’s body to abnormally store or store extra sugar (glycogen) in the muscles. It leads to muscle break down and progressive weakness in draft horses. This syndrome with muscle soreness and gait abnormalities are obvious signs of the disorder. PSSM horses remove glucose from the blood stream at a faster rate than non-PSSM horses. It happens because PSSM horses are found be more sensitive to the The ingredients that have higher protein, lipids bloodstream in response to the carbohydrate content of food, and which stimulates the muscles to take up the resultant glucose from the blood (3,4). Further to this rapid insulin sensitivity, PSSM arises from two anomalies (irregularities) in skeletal muscle metabolism (2,5). First, an abnormal accumulation of glycogen (polysaccharide) occurs in the muscle. Glycogen serves as the primary storage substance in muscles in many mammals including horses. Regardless, skeletal muscle is a major reservoir of glycogen in horses, higher storage of glycogen can cause problems as found in PSSM horses. In addition to the excessive glycogen, there is a possibility of having another abnormal polysaccharide/s that may not go through normal energy metabolism resulting in similar signs (5,6).

There are two distinct types of this disorder:
Type 1 PSSM and Type 2 PSSM. Type 1 PSSM happens due to a gene mutation in the glycogen synthase-1 (GYS1) gene which causes abnormally higher glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles. There are over 20 horse breeds that are prone to this Type I PSSM. This mutation is believed to have occurred prior to the foundation of most modern horse breeds. Thus, this mutation isn’t attributed to any given stallion or pedigree within a breed. A horse only needs one copy of the GYS1 gene mutation allele (dominant) to be affected by Type 1 PSSM, A dominant allele produces a dominant phenotype (PSSM disorder) in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent; stallion or mare. The GYS1 gene plays a role in glycogen production. A mutation in this gene causes the muscle cells to continually make glycogen. When a horse exercises or works, muscles are unable to use this muscle glycogen for energy production/supply. Thereby, after even a light work the horse may experience soreness and muscle cramping (4,5,6).

Type 2 PSSM occurs without a genetic mutation and does not associate with the above GYS1 gene mutation. This PSSM is more common in Quarter Horses, Arabs and Thoroughbreds. The real reason or cause of this second type is yet not well understood or identified despite knowing biochemical studies and patho-physiology (2,5,6).

Insulin is a hormone that controls blood sugar level in mammals. In general, sugar from a diet can stimulate an insulin response (3). This sugar may come as direct sugar in the diet or as a result of non fibre carbohydrate (starch) digestion. PSSM animals tend to be more sensitive to insulin. Insulin can aggravate PSSM disorder even though the GYS1 gene mutation is not involved (5,6).

Common signs: signs of PSSM manifest during exercise. Signs include unwillingness to work, reluctance to engage the hindquarters, shifting lameness, and stopping and stretching as if to urinate. As pain increases with time (10 to 30 minutes of exercise) gaits frequently change, becoming stilted with a shortened stride, and muscles of the hindquarters become firm and sore. The most severe cases are characterized by profuse sweating, elevated respiration and heart rate, muscle twitching, refusal to move or only walk in a slow, wooden fashion, and off-colored, reddish-brown urine. Horses with extreme PSSM may be unable to stand (6). Figure 6 shows a mild PSSM (A) horse getting fed special diet, and non-PSSM.

Fig. 6. A – Horse diagnosed with PSM and B – healthy horsehorse (B) getting fed regular diet.

When viewed across horse breeds, among light horses, polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) primarily affects American Quarter Horses and members of related breeds such as Paints and Appaloosas (and also in some European draught breeds, like Percherons and Belgian Draught). The American Quarter Horse, or Quarter Horse, is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances (4). In a recent survey, as many as 12% of healthy Quarter Horses are thought to be genetically predisposed to the muscle disorder which, at its worst, can be debilitating and often career-ending for ridden horses (2,4,6).

PSSM can be diagnosed by signs and other tests such as muscle biopsy for genetic testing. The clinical signs of the disease are obvious and would be helpful in diagnosis, However, muscle biopsy and microscopic examination of muscle tissues reveal the presence of muscle damage with excessive normal glycogen (considered grade 1) or muscle damage with abnormal polysaccharide (grade 2). In order to perform muscle biopsies veterinary expertise is needed (4,5,6).

Type 1 PSSM can be diagnosed using advanced genetic/molecular biology means, through hair roots or whole blood samples being tested. The American Quarter Horse Association offers PSSM testing as part of its five-panel genetic test. The Michigan State University Equine Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory also performs genetic testing. It would be advisable to contact a veterinarian for additional information about testing for PSSM (4,5,6).

Feeding PSSM horses; In order to manage this situation nutritionally, knowing the patho-physiology of PSSM is important and then the feeding choices are designed accordingly to have a diet with lower glycemic index (3,4). It is clearly understood that cutting-off sugar and starch, and replacing sugars and starch with an alternate energy source are the main measure in any dietary program in PSSM. There is no room to feed grains or real starchy or sugary ingredients. Therefore, lipid/fatty ingredients are the option to get energy. Quarter Horses naturally store very little lipid in muscle fibers and delivery of free fatty acids may overcome the disruption of energy metabolism that appears to occur during aerobic exercise (3).

The ingredients that have higher protein, lipids and fiber would better fill the gap replacing grain. Some of them would be rice bran, beet-pulp, vegetable oils (coconut oil) and forage (grass, alfalfa and other) that could not only stabilize blood sugar but also provide energy and protein. Forage can be supplied as pasture, hay, or hay alternatives such as pellets or cubes. Well maintained but mature pastures should contain low-sugar grasses and few legumes (clover, alfalfa or Lucerne) (4).

In addition, refrain from having grain in the diet, it is extremely important to be aware of the sugar content in forage (even hay) although forage is the main choice of feed (Figure 7). High sugar content in hay can trigger a horse’s insulin response. Select and feed hay that contains less than 12% non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC). NFC is also called non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) (3). Horses with PSSM should not be allowed to graze plush or rich pasture that may carry higher NFC level (4).

Fig. 7. A – Poor quality hay, but better for PSSM horses because it would have lower NFC amounts. B - Rich hay, higher NFC, but not suitable for PSSM horses hence the amounts

NFC mainly contains sugars (saccharides) that are commonly categorized as monosaccharides, di-saccharides and polysachcharides. Figure 8 shows a comparison of NFC levels, from low to high, among three hay samples anaylzed at Cumberland Valley Analytical Services (CVAS). Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are the simplest forms of sugar and the most basic units from which all carbohydrates are built (3). They are the final product in the digesta after carbohydrate digestion in monograstric animals, and they are readily absorbed into blood from the intestines. Mono-saccharides are usually colorless, watersoluble, and crystalline but some mono-saccharides have a sweet taste. Glucose, fructose and galactose are the three monosaccharides. These single sugar molecules contain six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six oxygen atoms (i.e. chemical formula as C6H12O6) (3).

Fig. 8. Non fibre carbohydrate amount and suitability of hay as feed ingredient (values are from hay sample - laboratory test results).

Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides are joined together by glycosidic linkage. Disaccharides are also considered as simple sugars and they are also readily soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. In the intestines of mono-gastric animals, these sugars are digested by amylolytic enzymes; amylase, maltases, sucrases, and lactases into monosaccharides (3). Polysaccharides are made up of monosaccharides linked together in long chains and further as complex bundles resulting starch and other carbohydrates. They are the most abundant carbohydrates found in grain or in other feed ingredients as starch, complex sugar or other carbohydrate forms. Some polysaccharides are water-soluble and the rest is insoluble. They are also digested by amylolytic enzymes to monosaccharides in the intestines of mono-gastric animals (3).

When glucose (monosaccharide) is absorbed into the blood, and the blood glucose levels are higher, it is called hyperglycemia (3). Once monosaccharides (particularly glucose) are in the body, some of them are usually used in energy metabolism to supply energy to the animals for growth and maintenance. The rest of it would go to the liver and muscle. Then they are converted to glycogen (another polysaccharide) in a process called glycogenesis and stored in the muscles and liver to use as an energy source later (3).

Although PSSM is somewhat common now, advances in genetic research in horses have made diagnosis straightforward in many cases, and horse feeding trials have improved nutritional approaches so that affected horses can lead better life span with regular activity level. Metabolism and performance expectations are two important factors in choosing an appropriate diet. Most horses with PSSM are typically in at least moderate body condition and still be useful in the intended activity or purpose (Figure 6). In addition to paying more attention to NFC in the diet, other nutrients (vitamins and minerals) should be appropriately balanced. Other than vitamins, antioxidants should be included in the diet to suppress free radicals from high fat diet, gain faster restoration of weaker muscles, skin and body condition. For healthy microbiome, gut health, favorable hind gut activity and optimal fiber digestion in these horses, prebiotics and probiotics should be appropriately used in the diet. In order to achieve these goals of accurate feeding, it is recommended to work with a professional nutritionist.

Note: References available upon request

Congratulations to WAGS partners who made it to the H@ms Marketing June Top 10 list for sales to Thunder Creek and Olymel.

THUNDER CREEK

INDEXING
1st Hillridge Farming Co.
3rd Wymark Farming Co.
5th Vanguard Farming Company Ltd.
7th Eatonia Farming Company

HEALTH/QUALITY TATTOO
3rd Wymark Farming Co.
4th New Dale Hutterian Brethren
7th R Valley Farming Co. Ltd.
10th Hillridge Farming Co.

LEAN PERCENTAGE & LOIN DEPTH
Lean Percent Target
1st Vanguard Farming Co. Ltd.
3rd Wymark Farming Co. Ltd.
4th Garden Plane Farming Company
10th Hillridge Framing Co.

Loin Depth Target
1st Hillridge Farming Co.
3rd Eatonia Farming Coompany

CORE AREA AND SORT
% in Core Area
1st Hillridge Farming Co.
3rd Raley Colony Ltd.
8th New Dale Hutterian Brehtren

Carcass Wt. Target
1st Hillridge Farming Co.
2nd Raley Coloney Ltd
3rd New Dale Hutterian Brethren
4th Wymark Farming Company Ltd.
5th Vanguard Farming Co. Ltd.
10th Garden Plane Farming Company

OLYMEL

INDEXING
3rd Old Elm Farming Co. Ltd
8th Sovereign Farming Compay

HEALTH/QUALITY TATTOO
7th Milford Colony Farming Company Ltd.
8th Old Elm Farming Co. Ltd.
9th Sky Light Colony
10th Sovereign Farming Company

LEAN PERCENTAGE & LOIN DEPTH
Lean Percent Target
9th Sovereign Farming Company

Loin Depth Target
8th Old Elm Farming Co. Ltd.
9th Sovereign Farming Company

CORE AREA AND SORT
% in Core Area
2nd Old Elm Farming Co. Ltd.
5th Sovereign Farming Company
7th Milford Colony Farming Company Ltd.

Carcass Wt. Target

1st Sovereign Farming Company
9th Old Ellm Farming Co. Ltd.